plant kingdom

PLANT KINGDOM

Unique feature:-multicellular ,eukaryotic,autotrophes,cell wall made up cellulose

Division:- 1.  Algae

                2.bryophyta

               3.pteridophhytes

                 4.gymnosperm

                 5.angiosperm

• first 3 divison as lower plants and 4,5 as higher plants

                                 Algae

Nature:-found in fresh water ,brackish[less salty] and marine water cell wall composed of cellulose ,pectin,mannose,glactose ,and minerals like  calcium carbonate.

                           photoautotrophic in nature

Reproduction:-1.vegetative reproduction

I.Binary fission:-found only in  unicellular algae
II.Fragmentation:-All filamentous algae

         2.Asexual reproduction:-By different type of spore 

I.Zoo spore under favourable conditions 

II.Aplanospores,Hypnospore and akinetes:Under unfavourable condition
3.Sexual reproduction:The sex organ of algae are unicellular & non -jackethes. 
Exception :sex organ of chara (green algae)are multicellular  &jacketes  Male sex organ of chara is globules &female sex organ called nucule.                                  

*Plant body of algae is haploid &the sexual rep.takes place through zygoteic meiosis  so,their lifecycles is hypnotic.

**Exception :-Brown algae are diploid &sexual  rep.through gametic  meiosis.that's why life cycle of brown algae is diplo -haplontic.

Embryo is not found in algae.

Sexual rep.by 3 method 

1.Isogamous 

2.Anisogamous

3.oogamous 

NOTES:-1.Pyrenoids :storage body of algae found in chloroplast  .

-made up of protein &starch.

    2.Hydrocollids :-collidal substances  obtained  from algae having high water holding capacity.

 Ex  (Algin ,carragen ,&Agar-agar)

         CLASSIFICATION  OF ALGAE

Mainly based on photosynthetic  pigment ,cell wall composition &stored food

   Algae are classified  into 3 groups

  1.Chlorophyta(green algae)

   2.phaeophyta (brown  algae)

   3. Rodophyta   (red algae)

      CHLOROPHYTA

•All are green in colour

•Most advanced  algae

•Cosmopaliton (present in all place)in nature.

Different  form of green algae:-

1Unicellular

●Chlamydomonas -motile algae

●Chlorella-non mobile algae.

2 Colonial algae:-means these algae lives in colony

EX:-volvox(motile algae)&their  colony called coenobium.

3 Multicellular  filamentous:Mostly algae are found in multicellular  filamentous 

Ex:.

ex:-Ulothrix & spirogyra.

4.Multicelluar thalloids or Parenchymantous
Some algae are multicellular in length & breadth.Ex-Ulva(sea lettuce)

•Photosynthesis pigment:- chlorophyll a& b cartoein & Xynthophlles.

•Stored food:- Starch and oil droplets.

•On the Basis pigment,stored food & cell wall ,green algae are similar to higher plants. 

         PHYAEOPHYTA 
(Brown algae,sea weeds,&kelp) 
•Brown algae are found in Marie water & filamentous in nature.
•They are the largest algae (100m).
•Largest brown algae (macrocystis)
•Thallus of brown algae divided into 3 parts.
1.Lamina
2.Stipe
3.Holdfast
•Due to lamina and stipe brown algae look like leaf (leafy algae)
•Cell wall:-The vegetative cell has a cellulosic wall usely covered with a glatenious coating of algin.

•Pigment:-Chlorophyll A,carotenoid,xanthophyll(fucoxanthin) more is brown algae due to which these algae are brown in colour.
•Store food:-Mannitol,Laminarin 

Special name:-●Ectocarpus(simple and ●Filamentous )
●Kelp
●Sargassum
●Laminaria.

RHODOPHYCEAE

Red Algae known as ancient algae found in marine with greater conc. in warmer area                      ·         Multicellular and filamentous

·         Cilia and flagella aer absent

CELL WALL:Comlex and made up of cellulose, pectins,also xylose and glactose[polysulphate ester]

Pigments:Chloro.a,d carotenoids, pycoerytherin  & rphyocynin.

     ·   On the basis of its pigment red algae is similar to BGA.

           ·   Colour of red algae changes acc.to depth in sea .This is called gavdikav’s effect 

• When red algae are present on the surface of the sea then their colour is blue & when they are at the bottom their colour is red
• At the surface of the sea the amount of r  -phycocynin is more while in the depth the amount of phycoerythnin is more.
• phycoerythnin is only pigment to absorb ultra violet ray. due to r phycoerthnin red algae are deepest algae 
• gardikav's effect is also found in blue-green  algae.

store food:-

floredian starch 

REPRODUCTION:-

1.VEGETATIVE REP.:-by fragmentation 

2.ASEXUAL REP.:-non-motile,by spore formation 

3.SEXUAL REP.:- by oogamus

note:-female sex organ are called carpogonia

2.male sex organ called sepermata

3.life cycle of polysphonia is diplo-haplontic

Exception:-Bacterospermum is haplodiplontic